4. Segment and Regional Reporting

The Board of Management of Covestro⁠ ⁠AG, as the chief operating decision maker of the Covestro Group, allocates resources to the reportable segments and assesses their performance. The reportable segments are identified, and the disclosures selected, in line with the internal financial reporting system (management approach).

The segments pursue the following activities:

Performance Materials

The Performance Materials segment focuses on developing, producing, and reliably supplying high-performance materials such as polyurethanes and polycarbonates, as well as base chemicals. This includes diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), long-chain polyols, and polycarbonate resins, among others. These materials are used in sectors such as the furniture and wood processing industry, the construction industry as well as the automotive and transportation industry, for example in roof structures, insulation for buildings and refrigerators, mattresses, and car seats, among other applications.

Solutions & Specialties

The Solutions & Specialties segment comprises Covestro’s solutions and specialties business, in which chemical products are combined with application technology services and customer-specific system solutions. A fast pace of innovation is a key success factor since customer requirements change quickly. Covestro’s Solutions & Specialties business comprises a variety of polymer products including polycarbonates, precursors for coatings and adhesives, MDI specialties and polyols, thermoplastic polyurethanes, specialty films, and elastomers. They are used in sectors such as the automotive and transportation industry; the electrical, electronics, and household appliances industry; the construction industry; and the healthcare industry. These materials include composite resins for solar panel frames, precursors for coatings and adhesives, high-quality specialty films; laptop cases, floodlights, and electric vehicle batteries.

Business activities that cannot be allocated to any of the aforementioned segments are reported under “All other segments.” The external sales presented there are generated primarily from the sale of energy, site management services, and rentals and leasing.

Costs associated with central corporate functions, higher or lower expenses resulting from the variance between forecast and 100% target achievement as part of long-term variable compensation, the difference between the imputed income tax payments of the reportable operating segments and the actual income taxes paid by the Covestro Group, and intragroup reinsurance can be found in the segment reporting under “Reconciliation.”

As a general rule, the segment data is calculated in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) listed in note⁠ ⁠3 “Accounting Policies and Valuation Principles” with the following exceptions:

• Intersegment sales are generally based on arm’s length transactions between the units that make up Covestro’s segments. Market prices and, in exceptional cases, cost of goods sold serve as the settlement basis.
• Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets – except goodwill – including noncurrent assets used jointly by both segments and the associated depreciation, amortization, and impairment losses are allocated according to a principle based on major use. Goodwill is allocated at the level of the business entities or strategic business entities. The strategic business entity level corresponds to the reporting level below the seven business entities, which form the two reportable segments Performance Materials and Solutions & Specialties.
• EBIT and EBITDA are not defined in the IFRSs. EBIT is equal to income after income taxes plus financial result and income taxes. EBITDA is EBIT plus amortization and impairment losses on intangible assets, and depreciation and impairment losses on property, plant and equipment, less impairment loss reversals.

• Free operating cash flow, which is not defined in the IFRSs either, equals cash flows from operating activities less cash outflows for additions to property, plant, equipment and intangible assets. The income taxes paid that make up part of cash flows from operating activities are not directly allocated to any of the company’s units. For purposes of calculating cash flows from operating activities, the income taxes paid by a reportable segment are determined by multiplying the imputed tax rate of 25% by that segment’s EBIT.
• Trade working capital comprises inventories, trade accounts receivable, and contract assets, less trade accounts payable, contract liabilities, and refund liabilities.

EBIT, EBITDA, and free operating cash flow per segment include intersegment sales and, in each case, the effects of the aforementioned allocation of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, including noncurrent assets used jointly by both segments, and the associated depreciation, amortization, impairment losses, and impairment loss reversals.

The following tables show the segment reporting data:

¹ EBITDA and EBIT include the effect on earnings of intersegment sales.

² The difference between the income tax payments by the reportable operating segments and the income taxes actually paid by the Covestro Group is taken into account under “Reconciliation”” and amounted to €⁠–⁠198⁠ ⁠million for fiscal⁠ ⁠2025 (previous year: €⁠–⁠136⁠ ⁠million).

¹ The item includes contract assets, contract liabilities, and refund liabilities.

Information by Geographical Areas

The following table shows information by geographical area. The EMLA region consists of Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America except Mexico, which together with the United States and Canada forms the NA region. The APAC region includes Asia and the Pacific region.

¹ No further presentation of interregional sales is provided, as these are neither reported separately to, nor do they influence the EBIT and EBITDA reported to the Board of Management of Covestro⁠ ⁠AG.

External sales by market and noncurrent assets can be broken down by country as follows:

¹ Noncurrent assets do not include other financial assets or deferred tax assets.

Information on Major Customers

In fiscal 2025 and the previous year, no customer accounted for 10% or more of the Covestro Group’s total⁠ ⁠sales.

Reconciliation

The following table shows the reconciliation of EBITDA of the segments to income before income taxes of the⁠ ⁠Group:

The material items under “Reconciliation” are the payments for central corporate functions, intragroup reinsurance, and the higher target achievement in the context of long-term variable compensation.

See note⁠ ⁠7 “Other Operating Income.”
See note⁠ ⁠8 “Other Operating Expenses.”
See note⁠ ⁠20 “Other Provisions,” section entitled “Long-term Incentive Programs.”